Reinforcement learning-based (RL-based) energy management strategy (EMS) is considered a promising solution for the energy management of electric vehicles with multiple power sources. It has been shown to outperform conventional methods in energy management problems regarding energy-saving and real-time performance. However, previous studies have not systematically examined the essential elements of RL-based EMS. This paper presents an empirical analysis of RL-based EMS in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). The empirical analysis is developed in four aspects: algorithm, perception and decision granularity, hyperparameters, and reward function. The results show that the Off-policy algorithm effectively develops a more fuel-efficient solution within the complete driving cycle compared with other algorithms. Improving the perception and decision granularity does not produce a more desirable energy-saving solution but better balances battery power and fuel consumption. The equivalent energy optimization objective based on the instantaneous state of charge (SOC) variation is parameter sensitive and can help RL-EMSs to achieve more efficient energy-cost strategies.

The high emission and low energy efficiency caused by internal combustion engines (ICE) have become unacceptable under environmental regulations and the energy crisis. As a promising alternative solution, multi-power source electric vehicles (MPS-EVs) introduce different clean energy systems to improve powertrain efficiency. The energy management strategy (EMS) is a critical technology for MPS-EVs to maximize efficiency, fuel economy, and range. Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective methodology for the development of EMS. RL has received continuous attention and research, but there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the design elements of RL-based EMS. To this end, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the current research on RL-based EMS (RL-EMS) and summarizes the design elements of RL-based EMS. This paper first summarizes the previous applications of RL in EMS from five aspects: algorithm, perception scheme, decision scheme, reward function, and innovative training method. The contribution of advanced algorithms to the training effect is shown, the perception and control schemes in the literature are analyzed in detail, different reward function settings are classified, and innovative training methods with their roles are elaborated. Finally, by comparing the development routes of RL and RL-EMS, this paper identifies the gap between advanced RL solutions and existing RL-EMS. Finally, this paper suggests potential development directions for implementing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in EMS.

多源机电耦合使燃料电池电动汽车（FCEV）的能源管理相对非线性和复杂，尤其是在4轮驱动（4WD）FCEV的类型中。复杂的非线性系统的准确观察状态是FCEV中出色的能源管理的基础。为了释放FCEV的节能潜力，为4WD FCEV提出了一种基于学习的新型鲁棒模型预测控制（LRMPC）策略，从而有助于多个能源之间的合适功率分布。基于机器学习（ML）的精心设计的策略将非线性系统的知识转化为具有出色稳健性能的显式控制方案。首先，具有高回归准确性和出色概括能力的ML方法是离线训练的，以建立SOC的精确状态观察者。然后，使用国家观察者生成的SOC的显式数据表用于抓住准确的状态更改，其输入功能包括车辆状态和车辆组件状态。具体来说，提供未来速度参考的车辆速度估计是由深森林构建的。接下来，将包括显式数据表和车辆速度估计的组件与模型预测控制（MPC）结合使用，以释放FCEV中多释放系统的最新能源节能能力，其名称是LRMPC。最后，在模拟测试中进行详细评估以验证LRMPC的进步性能。相应的结果突出了LRMPC的最佳控制效应和强大的实时应用能力。

准确的交通状况预测为车辆环境协调和交通管制任务提供了坚实的基础。由于道路网络数据在空间分布中的复杂性以及深度学习方法的多样性，有效定义流量数据并充分捕获数据中复杂的空间非线性特征变得具有挑战性。本文将两种分层图池方法应用于流量预测任务，以减少图形信息冗余。首先，本文验证了流量预测任务中层次图池方法的有效性。分层图合并方法与其他基线在预测性能上形成鲜明对比。其次，应用了两种主流分层图池方法，节点群集池和节点下降池，用于分析流量预测中的优势和弱点。最后，对于上述图神经网络，本文比较了不同图网络输入对流量预测准确性的预测效应。分析和汇总定义图网络的有效方法。

近年来，在运输电气化方面取得了重大进展。作为主要的储能设备，锂离子电池（LIB）已受到广泛关注。准确地预测健康状况（SOH）不仅可以缓解用户对电池寿命的焦虑，而且还可以为电池管理提供重要信息。本文提出了一种基于视觉变压器（VIT）模型的SOH的预测方法。首先，预定义电压范围的离散充电数据用作输入数据矩阵。然后，电池的循环特征是由VIT捕获的，可以获得可以获得全局特征，并且通过将循环特征与完整连接（FC）层相结合来获得SOH。同时，引入了转移学习（TL），并根据目标任务电池的早期周期数据进一步微调基于源任务电池训练的预测模型，以提供准确的预测。实验表明，与现有的深度学习方法相比，我们的方法可以获得更好的特征表达，从而可以实现更好的预测效果和传递效果。

流量预测在智能运输系统中交通控制和调度任务的实现中起着重要作用。随着数据源的多元化，合理地使用丰富的流量数据来对流量流中复杂的时空依赖性和非线性特征进行建模是智能运输系统的关键挑战。此外，清楚地评估从不同数据中提取的时空特征的重要性成为一个挑战。提出了双层 - 空间时间特征提取和评估（DL -STFEE）模型。 DL-STFEE的下层是时空特征提取层。流量数据中的空间和时间特征是通过多画图卷积和注意机制提取的，并生成了空间和时间特征的不同组合。 DL-STFEE的上层是时空特征评估层。通过高维自我注意力发项机制产生的注意力评分矩阵，空间特征组合被融合和评估，以便获得不同组合对预测效应的影响。在实际的流量数据集上进行了三组实验，以表明DL-STFEE可以有效地捕获时空特征并评估不同时空特征组合的重要性。

交通速度预测是许多有价值应用程序的关键，由于其各种影响因素，它也是一项具有挑战性的任务。最近的工作试图通过各种混合模型获得更多信息，从而提高了预测准确性。但是，这些方法的空间信息采集方案存在两级分化问题。建模很简单，但包含很少的空间信息，或者建模是完整的，但缺乏灵活性。为了基于确保灵活性引入更多空间信息，本文提出了IRNET（可转让的交叉点重建网络）。首先，本文将相交重建为与相同结构的虚拟交集，从而简化了道路网络的拓扑结构。然后，将空间信息细分为交叉信息和交通流向的序列信息，并通过各种模型获得时空特征。第三，一种自我发项机制用于融合时空特征以进行预测。在与基线的比较实验中，不仅预测效应，而且转移性能具有明显的优势。

Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this paper, we explore distillation techniques to transfer the success of large MIM-based pre-trained models to smaller ones. We systematically study different options in the distillation framework, including distilling targets, losses, input, network regularization, sequential distillation, etc, revealing that: 1) Distilling token relations is more effective than CLS token- and feature-based distillation; 2) An intermediate layer of the teacher network as target perform better than that using the last layer when the depth of the student mismatches that of the teacher; 3) Weak regularization is preferred; etc. With these findings, we achieve significant fine-tuning accuracy improvements over the scratch MIM pre-training on ImageNet-1K classification, using all the ViT-Tiny, ViT-Small, and ViT-base models, with +4.2%/+2.4%/+1.4% gains, respectively. Our TinyMIM model of base size achieves 52.2 mIoU in AE20K semantic segmentation, which is +4.1 higher than the MAE baseline. Our TinyMIM model of tiny size achieves 79.6% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet-1K image classification, which sets a new record for small vision models of the same size and computation budget. This strong performance suggests an alternative way for developing small vision Transformer models, that is, by exploring better training methods rather than introducing inductive biases into architectures as in most previous works. Code is available at https://github.com/OliverRensu/TinyMIM.

In this paper, we propose a robust 3D detector, named Cross Modal Transformer (CMT), for end-to-end 3D multi-modal detection. Without explicit view transformation, CMT takes the image and point clouds tokens as inputs and directly outputs accurate 3D bounding boxes. The spatial alignment of multi-modal tokens is performed implicitly, by encoding the 3D points into multi-modal features. The core design of CMT is quite simple while its performance is impressive. CMT obtains 73.0% NDS on nuScenes benchmark. Moreover, CMT has a strong robustness even if the LiDAR is missing. Code will be released at https://github.com/junjie18/CMT.

Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.